EPA reviews coal ash regulations amid concerns over public health and environment

The U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce convened on June 27, 2025, to address critical issues surrounding coal ash management, focusing on the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) regulatory framework and the potential for beneficial reuse of coal combustion residuals. The meeting highlighted the ongoing challenges and opportunities in managing coal ash, a byproduct of coal-fired power generation that poses significant environmental and public health risks.

The EPA first began regulating coal ash in 2014 under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), but nearly a decade later, only three state programs have received approval to manage coal combustion residuals independently. This slow progress has raised concerns among committee members about the effectiveness of current regulations and the impact on ratepayers, particularly in light of new rules proposed by the Biden administration that some argue impose excessive costs on utilities.

During the meeting, members discussed the implications of a 2024 rule that expanded regulations to include legacy coal ash sites, which utilities warn could lead to unplanned expenses for consumers. However, the EPA has announced plans to review this rule and work more closely with states to enhance their permitting programs, a move that some lawmakers view as a positive step towards more effective coal ash management.

The committee also explored the concept of beneficial reuse of coal ash, which can be repurposed for various applications, including construction materials and wastewater treatment. Notably, the American Coal Ash Association reported that 69% of coal ash produced in 2023 was recycled, indicating a thriving industry that not only reduces waste but also lowers emissions. Research from institutions like the University of Texas and Virginia Tech has identified potential for extracting rare earth elements from coal ash, further emphasizing its value beyond waste.

Despite these opportunities, concerns were raised about the environmental risks associated with coal ash disposal. A significant majority of coal plants have been linked to groundwater contamination, prompting calls for stronger federal standards and enforcement to protect communities. The committee's discussions underscored the need for a balanced approach that prioritizes public health while exploring innovative uses for coal byproducts.

As the EPA prepares to amend its regulations and engage with states, the outcomes of this meeting could shape the future of coal ash management in the U.S., impacting both environmental safety and economic opportunities in the recycling sector. The committee's commitment to addressing these issues reflects a growing recognition of the complexities involved in transitioning from traditional energy sources while safeguarding public health and the environment.